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1994-05-02
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<text>
<title>
Serbia and Montenegro: Human Rights Watch
</title>
<article>
<hdr>
Human Rights Watch World Report 1992
Helsinki Watch: Yugoslavia
</hdr>
<body>
<p>Human Rights Developments
</p>
<p> General chaos in Yugoslavia, fueled by the virtual
disintegration of central authority, armed conflict in Croatia,
and continuing repression in Kosovo, yielded a dramatic
worsening of the human rights situation in 1991. By the end of
the year, the federal government of Yugoslavia had ceased to
function and the European Community had decided to recognize
Slovenia and Croatia by January 15, 1992. The federal army was
controlled by Serbia. Power lay in the hands of nationalist
republican governments, with policies that often led to severe
violations of the civil and political rights of minorities.
</p>
<p> On June 25, Slovenia and Croatia declared their
independence. Macedonia followed suit on September 8, as did
Bosnia-Hercegovina on October 15. Having declared their
independence, Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and
Bosnia-Hercegovina boycotted many federal institutions. In
October, without the consent of Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia or
Bosnia-Hercegovina, Serbia and its three allies on the federal
presidency--Kosovo, Vojvodina and Montenegro--announced that
they would assume control of the federal presidency and certain
powers of the federal assembly.
</p>
<p> Soon after Slovenia declared its independence, the federal
military attacked the republic but quickly retreated in defeat
at the hands of Slovenian militia forces. The army then turned
its attention to Croatia. In conjunction with rebel Serbs who
oppose Croatian independence, the army has been waging a
full-scale war against Croatia since July. With the support of
Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic's government, Serbian
insurgents in Croatia have taken over forty percent of Croatia's
territory and appear poised to impose Serbian rule over most of
the republic. Inter-ethnic skirmishes threaten to destabilize
the republic of Bosnia-Hercegovina, where Serbian and
Montenegrin rebel forces have occupied territory as well. As
violent political struggle rages, human rights in all parts of
the country have suffered dramatically.
</p>
<p> Helsinki Watch takes no position on Yugoslavia's territorial
integrity or the claims to independence of its constituent
republics. Our only concern is that the human rights of all
individuals be respected. Most of the gross abuses are being
committed by the federal military and the Serbian government.
The Yugoslav armed forces bear responsibility for
indiscriminate attacks against civilian targets in Croatia, with
thousands of deaths and injuries the result. The Serbian
government for years has been abusing the human rights of
Albanians in the province of Kosovo and more recently has
directly supported the Serbian insurgents in Croatia, who in
turn have been committing gross violations of human rights,
including the summary execution of unarmed civilians. Croatian
security forces and individual extremists have also violated the
human rights of Serbs.
</p>
<p> The Serbian government's oppression of ethnic Albanians in
Kosovo is the most protracted human rights problem in
Yugoslavia. Physical mistreatment remains a serious problem,
while systematic discrimination increased dramatically in 1991.
Albanian professionals--particularly those working in the
fields of medicine and education--were dismissed from their
jobs and replaced with Serbian and Montenegrin workers. Over
20,000 Albanians lost their jobs because of ethnic
discrimination during the year.
</p>
<p> Serbian security forces, paramilitary units and civilians
have used arbitrary force against unarmed Albanians, including
children, killing fifty Albanians in 1991. Serbian security
forces unlawfully searched Albanian homes, destroying property
and beating inhabitants. Moreover, Serbian authorities are
reportedly arming Serbian and Montenegrin civilians in Kosovo,
who in turn are intimidating the Albanian population.
</p>
<p> Ethnic Albanians continue to be jailed for nonviolent
political "offenses," including possession of certain Albanian-
language publications and participation in peaceful
demonstrations. Most Albanians have been sentenced to thirty-
to sixty-day prison terms for such "offenses." Albanians have
been severely beaten while in police custody and in prison. The
daily Albanian-language newspaper, Rilindja, remains banned.
</p>
<p> From September 26 to 30, Albanians in Kosovo conducted a
self-styled referendum on Kosovo's independence from Serbia.
In some areas balloting took place in individual homes to avoid
police interference. Despite such precautions, Serbian security
forces seized voting materials and arrested organizers of the
referendum, as well as individual voters.
</p>
<p> The Serbian government used repressive methods against
peaceful demonstrators in Belgrade on March 9 and 10. Excessive
police force and an ensuing riot resulted in the deaths of a
seventeen-year-old youth and one police officer. At least 203
were wounded. Demonstration participants and organizers were
arbitrarily arrested and harassed.
</p>
<p> A parliamentary commission that investigated the violence
exonerated the police and blamed the demonstrators for the
violence. Helsinki Watch believes that neither the commission
nor its report was objective or independent from government
control. The report does concede that, during the course of the
demonstration, the Ministry of Interior lost control of the
situation and its ability to coordinate police action. However,
the report neither criticizes nor condemns such ineptitude or
police brutality. The report also ignores the events in the
early morning hours of March 11, when students crossing the
Brankov Bridge into Belgrade were beaten by police forces.
Rather, the report reiterates statements made by Serbian
government officials exonerating the police from blame
immediately after the violence took place.
</p>
<p> During its attack on Slovenia, the Yugoslav military strafed
and bombed Slovenian towns and cities with little apparent
regard for civilian life. Although the army claimed that it was
trying to restore federal control of all international border
posts, it took few precautions to protect civilians from air and
mortar attacks. At least five civilians were killed in the
clashes in Slovenia. The ten-day conflict ended with the retreat
of federal forces from the republic.
</p>
<p> In Croatia, a full-scale war evolved. After the May 1990
election of a nationalist Croatian government under President
Franjo Tudjman, the republic's Serbian minority took up arms,
fearing a resurrection of the kind of fascist Croatian state
under which thousands of Serbs were killed during World War II.
With material support from the Serbian government and the
federal military, Serbian insurgents in Croatia launched attacks
in the eastern and southern regions of the republic. The federal
army, with its overwhelmingly Serbian officer corps, bombed and
sent tanks against major Croatian cities.
</p>
<p> Key political leaders in both Serbia and Croatia have
inflamed inter-ethnic animosities between Serbs and Croats.
Indeed, nationalism has been the linchpin of popular support in
both republics. Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic justifies
the repression in Kosovo and the aggression in Croatia as
necessary to protect the Serbs living in those regions.
Similarly, Croatian President Franjo Tudjman campaigned on a
stridently nationalist platform and gratuitously inflamed Serbs
in Croatia. Moreover, Tudjman made little, if any, effort to
appease the fears of Serbs in Croatia after his election.
Through their control of the republican media, Tudjman and
Milosevic have grossly misrepresented and manipulated alleged
reports of human rights abuses by both sides. The Serbian and
Croatian media have perpetuated nationalist hysteria in both
republics to the point that criticism of the war is viewed as
tantamount to treason b